In an online lecture, UK academic Professor Elizabeth Wood, of Sheffield University, warns Australian and New Zealand early childhood teachers to beware of what she calls a “dangerous new trend’’ coming out of her homeland, Sue Osborne writes.
In England, the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) statutory framework sets the standards for all early years providers. It’s the equivalent of the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) in Australia.
However, Professor Wood said some of the language in the EYFS, which is written by the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (OFSTED) – the notorious government body responsible for school inspections in England – is not optimal for early childhood education.
The EYFS states “all areas of learning will be delivered through planned, purposeful play, with a balance of adult-led and child-initiated activities”.
She said, “school discourses and an interest in outcomes is filtering down into early childhood”.
There are signals coming out of the EYFS that indicate play must be educational and used for specific purposes. It must help teachers demonstrate how children are meeting the outcomes in the EYFS, she said.
In her lecture, she puts forward a strong argument for the maintenance of non-directed play for children, with adults only intervening if there is an equity or exclusion issue.
She said play is not an externally driven activity, and children must be given the opportunity to play for its own sake, individually and socially.
Adults cannot teach play
Children need to learn how to participate in play, as they pick up complex social skills along the way. Joining and participating in play with others is a learning experience for a child. Adults cannot teach children how to play or the complex social skills they are learning when they do play.
Children need their own agency in play, and they bring a myriad of cultural references to play, which benefits their peers.
She cites American researcher Anna Stetsenko, whose studies look at how children bring their multicultural identities into play, and other children learn from them during the play experience.
Everything and anything can be part of children’s play, and limiting their agency in any way can limit their learning through play.
The EYFS is focused on preparing children for school, with guided adult activities, and its philosophy limits some children’s opportunities to play, Professor Wood said.
Research has shown the productive ways adults can engage in play, but not if adults’ contributions are based soley on set learning outcomes.
The EYFS is linear and aims to maintain status quo, it does not consider different levels of development, or have space formuch creativity.
Professor Wood said the New Zealand approach of seeing a child’s development as ‘woven’ together rather than a straight line of development is preferable.
She said programs such as the EYFS often dismissed popular culture, but children brought a myriad of references from pop culture into their play, and that this should not be devalued.
Her colleague at Sheffield University Jackie Marsh has done research on children’s literacy, showing how important popular culture is for their development.
Regarding the use of digital technologies in play, she argues that this should not be limited either, as research has shown children do not abandon traditional play when they have access to digital technologies. Rather they integrate the two types of play. During this converged digital and traditional play, children are making decisions, creating, and solving problems, taking risks and developing metacognitive capabilities. Children can move between global influences and local interpretations.
Children’s interests during play could be much deeper than teachers at first realise, influenced by something from their culture or home life, rather than passing shallow interests. These interests should be given free reign to develop.
Becoming part of a community
Play is how children become part of communities and engage in important exchanges of knowledge.
Play for its own sake develops relationships, experiences, places and gives materials personal and collective meaning for children.
Play knowledge connects cultural discourse with knowledge of home, early childhood education and care and communities. Limitations are dangerous.
C&K (Childcare and Kindergarten)CEO Dr Sandra Cheeseman, lecturer in early education and care, and former board member of Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA) said, “Elizabeth’s presentation provides a critical provocation for all. Her experiences across varied global contexts brings diverse interpretations of the notion of play – something that we all seem to hold dear in early childhood education and care”.
“Is the loss of play for its ownsake, something we in Australia should be concerned about? The revised EYLF reinforces play-based learning and intentionality as core practice of early childhood pedagogy,” Dr Cheeseman said.
“But is it sufficient to have an articulated commitment to play and what are the risks to play for its own sake in an era when outcomes and intentions are defined by the adult?
“My feeling is that play should always be something that we critically examine, discuss and question. Holding on to notions that play is universally good, is fair for everyone and never disadvantages some, is naive and equally as dangerous as the loss of play.
“I suggest that we not be afraid of discourses of measurement, outcomes and achievement but rather be at the forefront of those debates and conversations. We need to bring our expertise, knowledge of children and contexts to these deliberations and set the scene for how play can meaningfully contribute to each child’s learning journey.
“Play and outcomes do not need to be polarised opposites. Here is the opportunity for early childhood experts to bring the evidence, demonstrate how we see learning outcomes in play and show the rich learning that takes place through play-based pedagogies. Making learning visible is not something to shy away from. Who of us doesn’t want to see each child progress in their learning and development? Thank you, Elizabeth, for sharingthese perspectives.
“The takeaway for me is the importance of the intellectual work that is required in early childhood education and care. We will never be able to clearly articulate and defend the importance of play for its own sake and play for learning unless we understand play in its complexity. The emerging research is fascinating, all early childhood teachers and educators need to engage with this work and use it as the basis for the critical reflection on the impact of their work.”
Reference
See Elizabeth Woods’ lecture at: youtube.com/watch?v=lwR9FYA32ZE
UK EYFS strategy: gov.uk/early-years-foundation-stage
