The Australian Teacher Workforce Data for 2021-22, released by the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership Ltd (AITSL) in March, has some significant findings. It reinforces what unions have been saying for some time – the profession is in trouble and needs serious help.
Intentions to stay in the teaching profession have declined from 2020 to 2022, with more teachers intending to leave prior to retirement, fewer intending to stay until retirement and those who are leaving intending to remain for shorter periods of time before leaving.
‘Workload and coping’ and ‘recognition and reward’ were both consistently and increasingly cited as the two most common categories of reasons for leaving.
Classroom factors was the reason for leaving with the largest increase between 2020 and 2022, with 60% of teachers citing this reason by 2022.
The proportion of the teacher workforce saying they intend to leave prior to retirement was greater (35%) than the proportion who planned to remain until retirement (31%).
In 2022, those in the workforce intending to leave before retirement planned to remain for a shorter time than in 2020. More than 1-in-10 of those saying they intended to leave were planning to leave within one year (14%), five percentage points higher than in 2020.
Two-in-five of those saying they intended to leave intended to leave in four years or less (36%), 13 percentage points higher than in 2020 (23%).
Reasons for leaving
For those intending to leave the teacher workforce, the most cited reasons remained ‘workload and coping’ (89%) and ‘reward and recognition’ (71%).
Classroom-related factors were more often cited as a reason for intending to leave in 2022 compared to 2020, increasing across all positions in schools.
Reasons for staying
For both teachers and leaders who did not intend to leave the profession before retirement in 2022, the three most provided reasons were the personal fulfillment associated with teaching and the culture of the school:
•70% indicated that they enjoyed face-to-face teaching•64% indicated they felt it was apersonally rewarding profession, and
•50% cited the school culture.
Classroom teachers in schools rarely indicated that they stayed because they were well paid relative to their skills and experience (16%), and only one-in-ten remained because they did not believe their skills were transferable to other professions (11%).
School culture was a more critical factor for senior leaders (58%) than for classroom teachers (43%) and middle leaders (49%).
Reasons to return to teaching
For teachers not employed in education, six per cent were actively looking to return, almost half (47%) might consider returning under the right circumstances and almost half (47%) would not consider returning to the profession.
This translates to 0.5% (around 2500 nationally) of registered teachers who are not in the workforce and are actively looking to return, and four per cent (around 20,000) who are not in the workforce and might consider returning.
The most important areas of influence on teachers’ decisions to return to the profession were workload and pay.
Half not employed indicated that a reduction in workload would influence their decision. Almost one-third (29%) indicated that a higher salary would influence their decision.
Working conditions
Compared to the trends across 2018–2020, in 2022 classroom teachers were less likely to be employed on short, fixed-term contracts of one year or less, and were more likely to be employed full-time.
Working hours in 2022 remained high, with full-time classroom teachers working 40 per cent more hours than they were paid to work. However, there was an improvement of around 1.5 hours less per week in unpaid overtime in 2022 for both teachers and leaders.
The preliminary data in 2021 and 2022, suggests there is a notable increase in the relative proportion of classroom teachers spending over 10 hours per week on student supervision compared to 2018, 2019 and 2020.
Contracted and working hours
Nationally, there has been an increase in the proportion of classroom teachers who are employed full-time, increasing 14 percentage points from 60 per cent in 2020 to 74 per cent in 2022.
There was a small decrease in the proportion of classroom teachers on short, fixed-term contracts of one year or less, decreasing from 19 per cent of classroom teachers in 2020 to 15 per cent in 2022.
Full-time classroom teachers were still working more hours than contracted during the term at an average of 53.1 hours per week, equivalent to around 15 hours per week above contracted hours.
Nationally, across all full-time staff in schools, there was a slight reduction in unpaid overtime of around 1.5 hours per week on average compared to 2020.
Face-to-face teaching
The proportion of classroom teachers supervising students for 10 hours or more increased from 8% in 2018 to 30% in 2020.
Early career teacher induction
The proportion of early career teachers who underwent a formal induction process decreased from 2020 to 2022, as did the range of induction opportunities.
Almost two-thirds (59 per cent) of early career teachers had received a formal induction, a six percentage point decrease from 2020 (65 per cent).
The range of individual activities was reduced and focussed more on orientation, mentoring and observation, and less on networking and targeted professional learning.
Casuals
From 2020 to 2022, the increasing pressure on the teacher workforce resulted in increased mobilisation of casual and relief teachers (CRT), with CRTs working longer hours.
The experiences of the casual/relief teaching pool were like the permanent/contracted workforce – CRTs were increasingly intending to leave and cite workload and coping, reward and recognition and classroom factors.
Task time allocation – classroom teachers
The proportion of classroom teachers supervising students for 10 hours or more increased from 8% in 2018 to 31% in 2021 - with a slight drop to 30% last year.
Professional learning
From 2020 to 2022, the number of hours of professional learning increased, recovering from the low seen during COVID-19.
In 2020: 26% of the teacher workforce undertook 40 hours or more of professional learning. In 2022, 44% of the workforce on average achieved over 40 hours of professional learning.
In 2018 and 2019, 38% undertook 40 hours or more of professional learning.
Senior leaders were most likely to have completed 40 hours or more of professional learning (71%) compared to other positions (middle leaders: 53%, classroom teachers: 40%).
Out-of-field teaching
Out-of-field teaching is measured as the number of teachers who were not ‘in-field’ for at least one subject that they taught. Teaching in-field is defined as a teacher teaching a subject that they had studied, both content and pedagogy, during their secondary initial teacher education (ITE).
The data suggests that rates of out-of-field teaching remained high among classroom teachers of secondary learners in 2020, with at least one-in-four classroom teachers who taught subjects in a key learning areas (KLA) out-of-field.
One-in-four secondary classroom teachers (24%) were teaching at least one subject in a KLA out-of-field. Two-in-five classroom teachers of science were teaching a core science subject out-of-field, with 41% in physics being out-of-field, 38% in chemistry, and 41% in biology. Teachers of technology were most likely to be out-of-field (44%).
Regional and remote
The AITSL data provides, for the first time, an analysis of the trends in the teacher workforce in regional and remote areas compared to trends in the workforce in metropolitan areas. This is based on linked trend data from 2018–2020.
From 2018–2020 teachers in regional and remote areas were increasingly employed as permanent ongoing employees with a corresponding decrease in the number employed on very short-term contracts.
Comparing the regional and remote workforce in 2020 to the 2020 metropolitan workforce, the regional and remote workforce, overall, is as experienced as the metropolitan workforce; it tends to include more leaders with fewer years’ experience, but this gap is decreasing.
From 2018 to 2020 the workforce in regional and remote areas evidenced:
•a drop of 6 percentage points in theproportion of teachers on fixed-term contracts of less than one year (2018: 18%; 2020: 12%.
•an increase in the proportion on ongoing permanent contracts (+10 percentage points; 2018: 63%; 2020: 72%), bringing the regional and remote workforce on par with the metropolitan workforce for ongoing permanency (metropolitan 2020: 73%).
In 2020, the experience levels of the regional and remote teacher workforce overall were similar to those found in metropolitan areas:
•Early career (teaching for less than five years): 12% regional and remote; 11% metropolitan.
•10–19 years’ experience: 27% regional and remote;25% metropolitan.
•30 years or more experience: 29% regional and remote; 33% metropolitan.
In 2020, regional and remote areas continued to have a higher proportion of leaders who were just starting as leaders, and fewer with over 10 years’ experience, compared to metropolitan areas.
However, the difference in the proportion of leaders with over 10 years’ experience between regional and remote areas and metropolitan areas decreased by four percentage points from 2018 to 2020:
•One to two years of leadership experience: In 2020, 19% regional and remote; 17% metropolitan.
•Three to five years of leadership experience: In 2020, 27% regional and remote; 24% metropolitan.
•Over 10 years’ experience: In 2020, 32% regional and remote; 39% metropolitan; In 2018 29% regional and remote; metropolitan, 40%.
Career intentions in the regionaland remote workforce
As seen in the metropolitan workforce, the proportion intending to leave the profession in the regional and remote workforce decreased from 2018–2020 during the COVID-19 period. However, this trend was reversed for the whole workforce in 2022 (see above), and this will likely be the case for regional and remote workers (data to be released late 2023).
Reasons for leaving are the same across the metropolitan and the regional and remote workforce, and centre on workload and coping, and the level of remuneration and reward.
Intentions to leave or remain in the profession
From 2018 to 2020, the proportions of the workforce intending to leave the profession prior to retirement decreased similarly in regional and remote areas (-6 percentage points, 2018: 28%; 2020: 22%), to metropolitan areas (-5 percentage points, 2018: 25%; 2020: 21%).
The proportion of the teacher workforce in regional and remote areas intending to stay in the profession until retirement increased slightly more (+9 percentage points, 2018: 36%; 2020: 45%) than in metropolitan areas (+6 percentage points, 2018: 40%; 2020: 46%).
Reasons for leaving the profession
Teachers in regional and remote areas saying they intend to leave cite the same reasons as those in metropolitan areas, ‘workload and coping’ (85%), and ‘recognition and reward’ (64%).
In 2020, the regional and remote teacher workforce completed professional learning on par with the metropolitan teacher workforce (regional and remote: 68%; metropolitan: 67% completed 20 hours or more professional learning).
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